4 Temmuz 2010 Pazar

Vücudun Kısımları



The Face=Yüz

cheek eyebrow jaw nose
chin eyelashes lip teeth
ear forehead mouth throat
eye hair neck tongue

Body...




ankle elbow heel thigh
arm finger knee thumb
back foot leg toe
bottom hand shoulder waist
chest head stomach wrist


Sözlüğünüzü kullanarak kelimelerin anlamlarını bulun ve resimlerdeki numaralarla eşleştirin.

Kendinizi Tanıtan Cümle ve Fiiller

İngilizce ile ilgili sıklıkla kullanılan bazı kelimelere göz atalım. Öğreneceğimiz kelimeler kendi hayatımızdan bahsetmek için kullanacağımız fiiller olacak.

Hemen her konuda olduğu gibi ingilizce kelimeler konusunda da “öğrenmesi kolay” ya da “zor” diyebileceğimiz kelimeler mevcut. Öğreneceğimiz bu fillerle ilgili cümleler kuracağız. İngilizceyi öğrenmeye yeni başlayanlar için bu fiilleri öğrenmenin çok faydası olacaktır. Babylon sözlüğünü kullanarak öğrendiğimiz fiillerin okunuşlarını dinleyebilirsiniz.


He was born.( doğdu.)

He started school. (okula başladı)


He went to university. (üniversiteye gitti)

He started work. (çalışmaya başladı)

He learnt to drive.(araba kullanmayı öğrendi)

He met his future and fell in love. (geleğiyle tanıştı ve ona aşık oldu)

He got engaged. (nişanlandı)

He got married. (evlendi)

He had children. (çocukları oldu)

He bought a house.(ev satın aldı)

He got a new job. (yeni bir işe başladı)

He moved. (taşındı)

He became a grandfather. (büyük baba oldu)

He got divorced. (boşandı.)

He remarried. (tekrar evlendi)

He is retired.(emekli oldu)

He lived by the seaside. (deniz kenarında yaşadı)

He died. (öldü)

He was buried. (gömüldü.)

Akrabalik iliskileri

Personal details (kişisel detaylar)- Akrabalık ilişkileri

Aşağıdaki cümleleri, formdaki 1-10 arasındaki doğru yerlere yerleştiriniz.







Age-- Married or single
Children-- Nationality
Christian name ---Street
Country --Surname
Job--- Town/Village


1--------------- Smith

2 ---------------William

3---------------- thirty-six

Address

4 -- ---------- 64 Highland Road

5------------- Bournemouth

6 -------------England

7 -------------Canadian

8 -------------married

9------------- 1 boy, 2 girls

10 ----------- taxi driver




Aile ağacına bakarak metinde yer alan boşlukları aşağıdaki kelimeleri kullanarak doldurun.

aunt--granddaughter--nephew
brother--grandfather--niece
children--grandmother--parents
cousin--grandparent--sister
daughter--grandson--son
father--husband--uncle
grandchildren--mother--wife


Clive Moon married Rose Harris in September 1940. They had two (1)........... a boy called Barry and a girl called Cynthia. Barry met his (2).........., Nancy Thomas, at university and they got married five years later. In 1974, their(3)........, Amanda, was born. The same year, Barry's(4)........, Cynthia, met her (5)........, Paul Baston. She asked her (6)........., Barry, to be best-man at their wedding. Not long after the wedding, Nancy and Barry had a (7)..........They called him Colin. Barry's(8)........., Rose and Clive, were thrilled. Now they had two (9)......... . Soon they would have three. In 1982,their second (10)........., Peter, was born. This also meant that Barry was now an (11).......and Nancy an (12).........Both were very fond of their new (13).........., Peter, and pleased that their own children now had a (14).......... In 1992, on Amanda's 18th birthday, the Moon family held a big birthday party. Amanda's (15)..........., Nancy, gave her a computer - something she had wanted for a long time and her (16).........., Barry, paid for twelve driving lessons. Cynthia and Paul gave their (17)..........a personal CD-player, while her (18)........, Clive and Rose, gave her some money. As her (19).........., Clive, said, `Well, it's difficult to buy things for young people, isn't it?' Amanda's (20)........., Rose, agreed. `Our (21).............is taste in clothes is not the same as ours. So it's much better to let her choose for herself, really.'

Sizlere tavsiyem, babylon sözlüğünü kullanmanız. Çok ama çok işinize yarayacak.




Cevaplar:

Form:
1-Surname
2-Christian name
3-Age
4-Street
5 -Town/Village
6 -Country
7 -Nationality
8 -Married or single
9 -Children
10 -Job

The family

1- children
2 -wife
3- daughter
4 -sister
5-husband
6-brother
7-son
8- parents
9- grandchildren
10- grandson
11- uncle
12- aunt
13- nephew
14 -cousin
15- mother
16- father
17 -niece
18- grandparents
19- grandfather
20- grandmother
21- granddaughter

ingilizce türkçe sözlük indir

ingilizce türkçe sözlük indir



Size çok kaliteli bir ingilizce-türkce, türkçe-ingilizce sozlükten bahsetmek istiyorum.

Sözlüğün adı babylon.

İngilizce sözlük, ingilizce öğrenmek isteyen ya da İngilizceyi bir şekilde kullanmak zorunda olan hemen herkesin başvuru kaynaklarından birisidir. Eğer araştırmalarınızı “ingilizce” olarak yapıyorsanız, bu kaynak tam size göre. Kelimelerin Türkçe-ingilizce anlamlarını, ingilizce-Türkçe karşılıklarını bu sözlüğü kullanarak rahatlıkla öğrenebilirsiniz. Sözlüğün önemli bir özelliği de ingilizce-türkçe cümle çeviri de yapması. Ancak bunun için, bilgisayarınız internete bağlı olması gerekiyor. Ayrıca kelimelerin ingilizce-ingilizce anlamlarını da bulabilirsiniz.

İngilizce öğrenen hemen herkes ingilizce hikayeleri okur. Eğer bilgisayarınızda .pdf olarak ya da değişik formatlarda kaynaklar var ise, babylon’un işlevselliği bir kat artıyor. msn de yabancı arkadaşlarınızla yazışırken, ya da ingilizce e-postalarınızı okurken, tek tıklamayla (ben genellikle mouse’un orta tuşunu kullanıyorum) kelimenin ya da deyişin anlamını öğrenebilirsiniz.

İngilizce gazete, dergi, ve blog okumak ve anında bilinmeyen kelimelerin anlamlarını öğrenmek, babylon sayesinde çok kolay.

Konumuz ingilizce olduğundan ingilizce üzerinde yoğunlaştım, ama babylon içerisinde Türkçe-Almanca, Almanca-Türkçe , Fransızca, italyanca gibi tam 70 dilde sözlükler mevcut.

Yine bunların yanında, değişik ilgi alanlarıyla ilgili sözlükler de var. Biyoloji, askeri terimler, elektronik, bilgisayar, internet terimleri ve daha bir çok alanla ilgili sözlükler de içerisinde mevcut.

Sizlere vereceğim linkten babylon sözlüğünüzü indirebilirsiniz.

ingilizce türkçe sözlük indir

Açılan sayfada "free user" seçeneğini seçin ve yazılan zaman kadar bekleyin, sonra "download" a tıklayın ve dosyanın inmesini bekleyin.

sözlüğü yükledikten sonra, vereceğim linklerden, türkçe-ingilizce, ingilizce-türkçe sözlükleri indirip, dosyalara çift tıklayarak, sözlüklerin, programın veri tabanına yüklenmesini sağlamış olursunuz.

Ben sizler için bir kısmını bu linkte topladım. Tek tek indirmektense, toplu olarak sözlükleri indirebilirsiniz.

Bu linke tıklayarak, babylon'un sitesinden istediğiniz sözlüğü indirebilir, sitenin sağ üstünde yer alan “arama” seçeneğini kullanarak, aradığınız sözlüğü bulabilirsiniz.

Babylon, 14 günlük deneme sürümünü sizlere sunmakradır. Babylon.com sitesini ziyaret ederek tam sürümünü satın alabilirsizin.


Hepinize faydalı olması dileğiyle.

Verb To Be Fiili

“Olmak” fiili olarak türkçeye çevirebileceğimiz to be fiili “am/is/are” ‘dan oluşmaktadır. İngilizcenin temel yapılarından birisidir. Bu yapının en iyi şekilde öğrenilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu yapıyla bağlantılı birçok temel konu bulunmaktadır.

Durum bildiren, olay bildirmeyen yapıdır. Am/is/are demek, durum cümlesi demektir. Bu yapıyı şu şekilde oluşturabiliriz:

Subject(özne) + am/is/are + object (nesne- her zaman olmak zorunda değil) + place(yer: varsa koyarız) + time expression (zaman ifadesi: varsa koyarız)


I- ben - am
You- sen - are
He- O (erkekler için) - is
She- O (kızlar için) - is
It- O (nesneler, hayvanlar için) - is
We- Biz - are
You- Siz - are
They- Onlar - are

Eğer bize verilen cümlede eylem söz konusu değilse, verilen özneden sonra gelecek yapıyı öğrenmiş olduk. Bu noktadan sonra cümle kurma aşamasına geldik.

Örnek: Bu sene istanbul oldukça soğuk

Subject: “İstanbul” (soğuk kelimesine kim,ne sorularını sorarak özne bulunur.)

Hemen arkasından “to be” fiili gelir. İstanbul tekil (it) olduğundan “is” gelir.

Object: (nesne) “oldukça soğuk” yani quite cold.

Time expression: (zaman ifadesi) “this year”

Bütün cümleyi yazacak olursak:

İstanbul is quite cold this year.

Gördüğümüz gibi am/is/are yapısını ve ingilizcedeki temel cümle yapısını bilerek cümleyi rahatlıkla kurmuş olduk. Elimize basit bir sözlük alarak anlamını bilmediğimiz sözlüklerin anlamlarını bulup cümlelerimizi rahatlıkla kurabiliriz.

Örnek: Bu kız okulumuzun en iyisi.

Subject: Bu kız- "that girl"
Arkasından to be fiili gelir. “That girl” tekil olduğundan “is” kullanırız.
Object: okulumuzun en iyisi- "our school’s best"

That girl is our school’s best.

ingilizcede Renkler

Önemli not= siteyi gezerken babylon sözlüğünü kullanmak size büyük kolaylık sağlayacaktır!


Bildiğimiz gibi renk (color ya da colour), ışığın insan tarafından görülen bir özelliğidir. İngiliz ingilizcesinde renk “colour” olarak, amerikan ingilizcesinde ise “color” olarak yazılır.

En genel renkler şunlardır:

• Black = Siyah “black out, black and white, black a vised, black beast
black dog, black eye, pitch black

sıfat olarak siyah;
1 eş anlamlı: atramentous, ebon, ebony, inky, jet, jetty, onyx, pitch-black, pitch-dark, pitchy, raven, sable

Related Words: blackish; charcoal, slate; piceous; dusky, swart, swarthy; brunet

deyişler : black as a crow (or a shoe or the ace of spades), black as hell (or night)
karşıt anlamlı: white

2 eş anlamlı: DIRTY 1, filthy, foul, grubby, impure, nasty, soily, squalid, unclean, uncleanly

3 eş anlamlı: GLOOMY 3, bleak, depressing, depressive, dismal, dispiriting, dreary, funereal, oppressive, somber

4 eş anlamlı: UTTER, absolute, complete, downright, out-and-out, outright, perfect, positive, regular, thoroughgoing


fiil olarak siyah;

eşanlamlı: BRUISE 1, contuse

türetelim:

blackish adjective = siyahi
blackly adverb = günahkarca
blackness noun = kötülük, siyahlık

• Gray = gri “African gray, gray birch, gray eminence, gray fox, gray market, gray matter
gray scale, gray squirrel

Türetelim:
greyish adjective = grimsi
greyly adverb = keyifsiz bir şekilde
greyness noun = sıkıntı, darlık

• White = beyaz “black and white, lily white,white haired, white headed, white hot
white lightning, white livered, white plague

sıfat olarak beyaz;

eşanlamlı: FAVORABLE 5, auspicious, benign, bright, dexter, fortunate, propitious

karşıt anlamlılık: black

isim olarak beyaz;

eşanlamlı: REACTIONARY, Blimp, Bourbon, Colonel Blimp, diehard, reactionarist, reactionist, royalist, ultraconservative

karsit anlamlilar: red

fiil olarak beyaz;

1 eşanlamlı: WHITEN 1, blanch, bleach, blench, decolor, decolorize
2 eşanlamlı: PALLIATE, blanch (over), extenuate, gloss (over), gloze (over), sugarcoat, varnish, veneer, whiten, whitewash

Türetelim:
whitely adverb = beyaz renk ile
whiten verb = beyazkaşmak, ağarmak
whitener noun = beyazlatıcı
whiteness noun = beyazlık, aklık
whitish adjective = beyazımsı


• Red = kırmızı “red blooded, red handed, red hot, red letter, red light district
red neck"

isim olarak kırmızı;

eşanlamlı: COMMUNIST, Bolshevik, Bolshie, commie, comrade

türetelim

reddish adjective = kırmızımtırak
reddy adjective = kızılımsı
redly adverb = kırmızıyla
redness noun = kızarıklık, kırmızılık, allık

• Orange = turuncu “acridine orange, Agent Orange, blaze orange, blood orange
mandarin orange, methyl orange, mock orange, navel orange

• Yellow = sarı “yellow bunting, canary yellow, chrome yellow, high yellow
lemon yellow, yellow spot, primrose yellow, straw yellow, sulphur yellow
yellow poplar, yellow bile, yellow birch, yellow dog, yellow dog contract"

sıfat olarak sarı;

aşanlamlı: COWARDLY, ||chicken, coward, craven, gutless, lily-livered, pusillanimous, spunkless, unmanly, white-livered

türetelim

yellowed adjective = sararmış
yellowish adjective = sarımtırak
yellowness noun = sarılık
yellowy adjective = sarımsı


• Green = yeşil

türetelim

greenish adjective = yeşilimtırak
greenly adverb = yeşil olarak, acemice
greenness noun = yeşillik, tazelik, hamlık
greeny adjective = yeşilimsi, yeşile benzer

• Blue = mavi

türetelim
blueness noun = mavilik

• Purple = pembe

türetelim
purpleness noun = morluk
purplish adjective = morumsu, mora çalan
purply adjective = morumsu

• Brown = kahverengi

türetelim
brownish adjective = kahverengimsi
brownness noun = esmerlik
browny adjective = kahverengimsi

• Magenta = macenta (morumsu kırmızı renk)

• Cyan = camgöbeği rengi
• Olive = zeytin yeşili
• Maroon = kestane rengi
• Navy = denizci mavisi, lacivert
• Aquamarine = deniz yeşili
• Turquoise = turkuaz
• Silver =açık gri

türetelim
silvered adjective = gümüşlenmiş, gümüşle kaplanmış
silveriness noun = açıklık, berrakklık
silvering noun = gümüş kaplamak, sırlamak
silverware noun = gümüş eşya, gümüş takı
silvery adjective = gümüşe benzer, berrak

• Lime = limon rengi, açık yeşil

türetelim
limy adjective = kireçli

• Teal = deniz mavisi
• Indigo = çivit mavisi, çivit rengi
• Violet = mor, menekşe rengi
• Pink = pembe

türetelim
pinkish adjective = pembemsi, solcu
pinkly adverb = pembemsi bir tarzla
pinkness noun = heyecanlı, coşkulu


Prussian_Blue = prusya mavisi
mocha = Yemen kahvesi rengi
sienna = koyu kahverengi
Jet_Black = abanoz siyahı
indigo = çivit mavisi
gamboge = turuncumsu sarı renk
ecru = açık kahverengi
chartreuse = açık yeşil
champagne = şampanya rengi

İngilizcede Sayılar

Bir dili öğrenmeye başlarken, ilk olarak, tanışma cümleleri, zamirler, iyelik belirten sıfatlar, çoğul-tekil yapıları, haftanın günleri, ülke isimleri ve bunun gibi bir çok yapılar öğrenilir ve bolca örnekler yapılarak bu yapıların iyice pekiştirilmesi sağlanır. Süreç içerisinde dil ile ilgili “zamanlar” ve bazı temel dilbilgisi kalıpları öğrenildikten sonra değişik aktivitelerle kelimeler ve yapılar tam olarak kavranmış olur. Tekrarlar ve akılda kalıcı yöntemler, çözülen örnekler, sıkça sözlük karıştırmak etkili tekniklerdir.

Biz bu teknikleri zaman içerisinde uygulamaya çalışacağız. Bu girişten sonra İngilizcede var olan sayıları öğrenmeye başlayabiliriz.

İngilizcede sayılarla ilgili söylenebilecek en temel şey şudur: ilk 20 sayıyı öğrenilir ve diğer bütün sayılar, bu sayıların üzerine inşa edilir.

0 Nought (Britanya İngilizcesinde kullanılır)
1 One
2 Two
3 Three
4 Four
5 Five
6 Six
7 Seven
8 Eight
9 Nine
10 Ten
11 Eleven
12 Twelve
13 Thirteen
14 Fourteen
15 Fifteen
16 Sixteen
17 Seventeen
18 Eighteen
19 Nineteen
20 Twenty

20 den sonra ise,

21 Twenty one
22 Twenty two
.
.
.
29 Twenty nine
30 Thirty
31 Thirty one
32 Thirty two
.
.
.
40 fourty
50 fifty
60 sixty
70 seventy
80 eighty
90 ninety
100 a/one hundred

100’e kadar sayıları saymış olduk.

Şimdi 121 nasıl yazılı?

A hundred twenty one

159 a hundred fifty nine

“yüz” yazılır, arkadan “elli” ve son olarak da “nine”, yani dokuz yazılır.
a hundred fifty nine

200 two hundred
300 three hundred
.
.
.
1000 a thousand

peki yüz bin nasıl yazılır?

100,000 A hundred thousand

1,000,000 one million

Bir milyar = )one billion (sıfırlardan kurtulduğumuza göre bu kadarı yeterli bence


Şimdi elinize kağıt kalem alıp örnekler yapabilirsiniz.

Peki ingilizcede kesirli sayılar nasıl söylenir? Bu konuyu ileride ele almak istiyordum ama numaralarla birlikte ele alalım.

Kesirli sayılara geçmeden önce, sıra/derece nasıl belirtilir ona bakmamız gerekli;

1st the first (birinci)
2nd the second (ikinici)
3rd the third …
4th the fourth
5th the fifth
6th the sixth
7th the seventh
8th the eighth
9th the ninth
10th the tenth
11th the eleventh
12th the twelfth
13th the thirteenth
14th the fourteenth
15th the fifteenth
16th the sixteenth
17th the seventeenth
18th the eighteenth
19th the nineteenth
20th the twentieth
21st the twenty-first
22nd the twenty-second
23rd the twenty-third
24th the twenty-fourth
25th the twenty-fifth
26th the twenty-sixth
27th the twenty-seventh
28th the twenty-eighth
29th the twenty-ninth
30th the thirtieth
40th the fortieth
50th the fiftieth
60th the sixtieth
70th the seventieth
80th the eightieth
90th the ninetieth
100th the hundredth
101st the hundred and first
1000th the thousandth


1,2 ve 3. dışındakilerin eklerinin aynı olduğuna dikkat edin.

Kesirli ifadelere gelince;

1/8 One eighth

1/5 One fifth

1/4 One quarter

3/4 Three quarters (quarter, çeyrek anlamına gelir; 3 çeyrek)

1/3 One third

2/3 Two thirds

1/2 One half

Buradaki yazılışlar Britanya İngilizcesine göredir. Amerikan İngilizcesine göre ise,

1/8 One over eight

1/5 One over five

1/4 One over four

1/3 One over three

2/3 Two over three

1/2 One over two

Bu yazımdaki “over”, üzerinde anlamındadır.


4 işlem ve bazı temel terimlerden de bahsedelim,

+ Plus (And)

- Minus (Take away)

x Multiplied by (Times)

÷ Divided by

= Equals (Is)

. Point

% Percent

Bazı basit örnekler yapalım:

1 + 5 = 6 one plus five equals six

4 – 3 = 1 four minus three equals one

3*2= 6 three times two equals six

6/3=2 six divided by three equals two

10% ten percent

10% 100 = 10 ten percent one hundred equals ten


Sayılar konusunda epey bilgi verdik ama bir iki ufak bilgiyi daha sizlerle paylaşmak istiyorum,

0 (sıfır) rakamıyla ilgili bazı özel durumlardan bahsedeceğim;


Ondalık virgülden sonra kullanılırsa,

0 = oh yani, 6.08 = six point oh eight

Oda ve otobüs numaralarını söylerken,

Room 104 = room one of four

Bus 507= bus five oh seven

Telefon numaralarında,

5478010 = five four seven eight oh one oh

Yıllarda,

1901 =nineteen oh one

0 = nought, ondalık virgülden önce,

0.06 = nought point oh six

0 = zero, sıcaklık değerlerini söylerken,

-10°C = 10 degrees below zero

Amerikan İngilizcesinde rakam olarak 0 = Zero.

0 = nil futbol terimi olarak, Trabzonspor 2 Fenerbahçe 0 = Trabzonspor two Fenerbahçe nil

0 = love, tenisde 40 - 0 = "forty love" şeklinde yazılır.


Sayılar konusunda benim anlatacaklarım şimdilik bu kadar. İleriki zamanlarda bu konularla ilgili örnekler çözebiliriz.

Ayrıca "babylon" sözlüğünde ramakları okutarak nasıl söylendiklerini de öğrenebilirsiniz.

İngilizcede Alfabe

İngiliz alfabesi 26 harften oluşmaktadır.









İNGİLİZCE ALFABE
A – a (ey)
B – b (bi)
C – c (si)
D – d (di)
E – e (i)
F – f (f)
G – g (ci)
H – h (eyç)
I – i (ay)
J – j (cey)
K – k (key)
L – l (el)
M – m (em)
N –n (en)
O – o (ouğ)
P – p (pi)
Q – q (küuğ)
R – r (ağr)
S – s (es)
T – t (ti)
U – u (yuğ)
V – v (vi)
W – w (dabılyu)
X – x (ekz)
Y – y (vay)
Z – z (zed)

İngilizcede en sık kullanılan harf E harfidir. En az sıklıkla kullanılan harfler ise J, X, Q, and Z harfleridir. Bütün harfler Latin alfebesinden türetilmiştir.

Harflerin okunuşlarnı buradan dinleyebilirsiniz.


İngilizce alfabe şarkısını da buradan dinleyebilirsiniz.

Biraz örnek yapalım;

What is your name?
My name is Veli.

How do you spell your name?
It is v-e-l-i.

spell:
.your first name
.tha name of your street
.your teacher's name
.your surname
.the name of your city

İngilizcede Cümle Yapısı

İngilizce, kuralları olan basit bir dildir. Temel kuralları öğrendikten sonra geri kalan hemen her şeyi bu kurallara uyarak öğrenebilirsiniz.

İngilizcenin temel cümle yapısı (düzenli cümle) şöyledir:

Özne + fiil + nesne

Evet bu kadar basit. Geri kalan her şeyi bunlar üzerine kurabilirsiniz. Basitten zora doğru giden bir süreçten bahsediyorum ama temel kural hep aynı.

Örneğin;


I go to school.

I” cümledeki özne, “go” fiil, “to” edat, “school” da nesnedir.

Mr. Dursley sat frozen in his armchair.

Mr. Dursley” özne, “sat”, sit düzensiz fiilinin geçmiş zaman olumlu cümlesindeki kullanım şekli, “frozen” sıfat, “in” edat, “his” zamir, “armchair” nesnedir.

2. cümle ile ilgili olarak şunu söylemek istiyorum;

“Sit” fiilinin geçmiş zamandaki kullanımını zamanlar konusunda, “frozen” sıfatını sıfatlar konusunda, “in” edatını edatlar ve “his” zamirini de zamirler konusunda öğreneceğiz.

Gördüğünüz gibi, hemen herşey en başta bahsettiğim kalıp çerçevesinde oluşmaktadır. Peki bizim bunları kavramamız için neler yapmamız gerekmektedir?

Her konuyu en iyi şekilde öğrenmeli, örnekler çözüp bunları uygulamalıyız. Maalesef ingilizce öğrenen arkadaşlarda eksik kalan en önemli nokta burasıdır!

Olayı input-output yani giriş ve çıkış olarak görürsek, 2 temel input, “listening” ve “reading” ve de 2 temel çıkış, “speaking” ve “writing” vardır. Bizler genel itibari ile “output” ları ihmal ediyoruz. Öğrendiklerimizi uygulamanın başka yolu yoktur. Bu 4 temel süreç daima beraber yürümelidir. Konuşacak birileri bulamıyorsanız duvara karşı ya da kendi kendinize konuşun. Bol bol yazı yazın, mesela günlük tutun. Bu yöntemleri “ingilizceyi geliştirme yöntemleri” başlığında topladım. Lütfen üşenmeyin, ordaki yazıları okuyun ve gerçekten çok ama çok faydalı olduklarını göreceksiniz.

İngilizcede Tekillik Çoğulluk

İngilizcede genellikle sözcüklerin sonuna –s takısı getirilerek çoğul yapılırlar:

Boy-boys
Book-books
Pencil-pencils






Eğer isim, ıslığa benzer bir sesle bitiyorsa sonuna -es takısı gelir. –e ile bitiyorsa –s gelir:

dish-dishes
glass-glasses
judge-judges
phase-phases
witch-witches

bunun yanında, hecelemeden kaynaklanan zorluklardan dolayı, -o ile biten ve bir önceki harfi sessiz olan isimlere ise –oes takısı gelir:

hero-heroes
potato-potatoes
volcano-volcanoes or volcanos

-y ile biten ve –y den önce sessiz olan isimler çoğul yapılırken –y düşer –ies gelir:

cherry-cherries
lady-ladies

yer ve insan isimlerin de ise, y düşmez, sadece –s gelir:

Germany-Germanys (The two Germanys were unified in 1990)
Harry-Harrys

-y den önce sesli harf var ise –s takısı gelir:

day-days
monkey-monkeys

Burada da “Money” istisnadır. Money’in çoğulu, moneys ya da monies olarak yazılabilir.

-oes kuralına uymayanlar:

İtalyancadan İngilizceye geçen bazı kelimeler –oes kuralına uymazlar:

canto-cantos
piano-pianos
portico-porticos
pro-pros

-o ile biten bazı isimlere ise hem –s hem de –es getirilebilir:

buffalo-buffalos/buffaloes
cargo-cargos/cargoes
halo-halos/haloes
mosquito-mosquitos/mosquitoes
motto-mottos/mottoes
no-nos/noes
tornado-tornados/tornadoes
volcano-volcanos/volcanoes
zero-zeros/zeroes

Yapısı tamamen değişen kelimeler:

child-children
ox-oxen

-f ve –fe ile biten bazı isimler çoğul yapılırken, bunların yerine –ves getirilir:

elf-elves
half-halves
knife-knives
sheaf-sheaves

Bazı isimler çoğul yapılırken sesli harfler değiştirilir:

fireman-firemen
foot-feet
goose-geese
louse-lice
man-men
mouse-mice
tooth-teeth
woman-women

Bazı isimler değişmeden kalırlar:

cod-cod
deer-deer
fish-fish
offspring-offspring
perch-perch
sheep-sheep
trout-trout

Bazı isimlerin geleneksel olarak tekil-çoğul yapıları aynıdır:

barracks-barracks
crossroads-crossroads
dice/die-dice
gallows-gallows
headquarters-headquarters
means-means

Teknik kullanımda –us ile biten isimlere –a eki getirilerek kullanılır:

corpus-corpora
genus-genera

-us ile biten isimlere –i getirilerek çoğul yapılır:

alumnus-alumni
bacillus-bacilli
cactus-cacti ya da cactuses
focus-foci
fungus-fungi funguses
nucleus-nuclei
octopus-octopi octopuses
radius-radii
stimulus-stimuli

-um ile biten isimlere –a getirilir:

addendum-addenda
bacterium-bacteria
curriculum-curricula curriculums
datum-data
erratum-errata
medium-media

-ex ya da –ix ile biten isimlere –ices getirilir:

apex-apices apexes
appendix-appendices appendixes
cervix-cervices cervixes
index-indices indexes

-is ile biten isimlere –es getirilerek çoğul yapılır:

analysis-analyses
axis-axes
basis-bases
crisis-crises
diagnosis-diagnoses
emphasis-emphases
hypothesis-hypotheses

-on ile biten isimler –a yapılır:

Criterion-criteria
phenomenon-phenomena
automaton-automata

3 Temmuz 2010 Cumartesi

Quantifiers

Quantifiers
Ad belirleyicilerinin bir bölüğü miktar belirtir. Bunların kimileri sadece sayılabilir
adları niteler. Kimileri sayılamaz adları niteler, kimileri de ikisini de niteler.
 Miktar belirleyicileri aşağıdaki tabloda ayrıntılı olarak görebilirsiniz. Tabloda her üç bölükteki miktar belirleyicileri görülmektedir. Fakat daha önce şimdi bu sözcüklerle ilgili bilinmesi gereken diğer ayrıntıları belirtelim:
a. A LOT OF gibi kullanılan iki sözcük daha vardır. LOTS OF, PLENTY OF.    Bu üç sözcükte daha çok günlük kullanım sözcükleridir. Yazı dilinde yerlerini      MUCH, MANY, A GREAT DEAL OF, A LARGE NUMBER OF alır.
b. Genel olarak MUCH, MANY olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılır. Uzun cümlelerde ve resmi kullanımda olumlu yapılarda da yer alabilir.
We wasted much time trying to locate an inexpensive hotel.
c. FEW/A FEW, LİTTLE/A LİTTLE çiftlerinde belirsiz tanımlığı taşıyan şekiller daha büyük miktar gösterir. Örnekleri inceleyelim:
I have few friends. Çok az arkadaşım var./Hemen hiç arkadaşım yok.  
I have a few friends. Birkaç arkadaşım var.
I have little money. Çok az param var./Hemen hiç param yok.
I have a little money. Biraz param var.
He has
no (hiç)
money - friends
He has
some
(biraz)
money - friends
He has
a lot of
(çok)
money - friends
He has
few - a few
(az, biraz)
friends
He has
little - a little
(az, biraz)
money
He has several
(birçok)
friends
He doesn?t have much
(çok, birçok)
money
He doesn?t have many
(çok, birçok)
friends
He doesn?t have any
(hiç)
friends

It's Time

It's Time
Bir şeyin vakti geldiğini it?s time (for someone  to do something) ile ifade edebiliriz. Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz. - It?s 5:30 . It?s time  to go home now.
(Saat 5.30. Eve gitme vakti.)
- It?s time fort he children to wake up.
(Çocuklar artık kalkma vakti geldi.)
- It?s time for us to leave.
(Bizim için kalma zamanı geldi.)
Bir şeyin vakti çoktan geldi anlamında it?s time + someone + past tense ifadesini  kullanabiliriz.
My hair is too long.It?s time I had a haircut.
(Saçım çok uzamış. Kestirmenin zamanı gelmiş de geçiyor.)
 It?s very late. It?s time you went to bed.
(Çok geç olmuş. Senin yatma saatin çoktan gelmiş.)
It?s about time?,it?s high time?,it?s really time? gibi ifadeleri kullanmak da mümkündür. İfadeyi biraz abartmak istediğiniz zaman kullanılırsa daha iyi olur.
You borrowed some Money from me ten years ago. It?s high time you paid the Money back.

Have got / Has got

Have got / Has got
Have/has got Türkçe'de sahip olmak anlamındadır. Sahip olduğunuz bir şeyi ifade etmek için kullanılır. Aşağıda şahıslara göre nasıl kullanıldığını inceleyin.
POSITIVE (OLUMLU)
I have got a car.
You have got
a car.
He has got a car.
She has got a car.
It has got a car.
We have got a car.
They have got a car.

NEGATIVE (OLUMSUZ)

 
I haven't got a car.
You haven't got a car.
He hasn't got a car.
She hasn't got a car.
It hasn't got a car.
We haven't got a car.
They haven't got a car.

QUESTION (SORU)
 
Have I got a car?
Have you got a car?
Has he got a car?
Has she got a car?
Has it got a car?
Have we got a car?
Have they got a car?

DİKKAT!

- I have got a car. (Bir arabam var.)

Türkçe'ye çevirirken genelde "Bir arabaya sahibim" şeklinde çevirmeyiz. İki dil arasındaki bu farklılık bazen İngilizceyi yeni öğrenenler için sorun teşkil edebilir.

Şöyle ki;

"Benim iki kızkardeşim var" cümlesini İngilizce'ye çevirmek isteyen bir kişi, "var" kelimesine aldanarak "there is/are" kalıbını kullanabilir ve tabi ki yanlış olur. O yüzden cümlenin sahiplik anlamı içerip içermediğine bakılmalıdır.

- She has got two sisters. (Onun iki kızkardeşi var veya o iki kızkardeşe sahiptir)
- We have got many pens. (Bizim çok kalemimiz var veya biz çok kaleme sahibiz)
Have/has got veya sadece have/has

Değişik metinlerde farklı kullanımlara rastlayabiliriz. Özellikle İngiltere'de kullanılan İngilizce'de "have/has got" daha sık kullanılır.

- I have got a sister.
- I have a sister.

Bu iki cümle arasında anlam olarak fark yoktur. Ancak olumsuz ve sorularda durum aynı değildir.

(+) I have got a book.
(-) I haven't got a book.
(?) Have I got a book?

(+) I have a book.
(-) I don't have a book.
(?) Do I have a book?

YANLIŞ KULLANIMLAR

İki farklı kullanım birbiriyle karıştırılırsa gramatik açıdan hatalı olur.

Examples:

A: Have you got a pencil?
B: No, I haven't. (doğru)
     No, I don't. (yanlış)

A: Do you have any money?
B: No, I don't. (doğru)
    No, I haven't. (yanlış)

Countables and Uncountables


(Sayılabilen ve sayılamayan isimler)


İngilizce'de isimler sayılabilen ve sayılamayan olarak ikiye ayrılır ve cümle içindeki kullanımları farklıdır. Sayılamayan isimler her zaman için tekil kabul edilir.

Örneğin İngilizce'de "saç" kelimesi "uncountable"dır yani sayılamaz. Bu yüzden asla "s" takısı alarak çoğul yapılamaz. Halbuki Türkçe'de biz "saçlar" diyebiliriz. Aynı şekilde "su", "pirinç" ve benzeri kelimeler hep tekil kullanılmak zorundadır. Aynı şekilde sayılamayan kelimelerin başında "a veya an" artikelini de kullanamayız. Çünkü "a" bir anlamına gelir.
 
EXAMPLES

There is a pencil on the table.
There are 4 pencils on the table.

("pencil" kelimesi sayılabilen isim olduğu için çoğul olarak kullanılabilir.)

There is some water in the glass.
("su" kelimesi sayılamaz olduğu için asla "there are" kalıbıyla kullanılamaz.

SOME UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (Bazı sayılamayan isimler)

water
hair
money
bread
coke
coffee
milk
air
weather
cake

Adverbs

Adverbs
● Zarflar (adverb) eylemleri niteler. Eylemlerin nasıl yapıldığı hakkında bilgi verirler. örnek: How does he she work? - She works beautifully. /  (O) Nasıl çalışıyor. çok güzel çalışıyor.
Kural: Zarflar genellikle -ly sonekinin bir sıfata eklenmesiyle oluşturulur.

Example:  careful/carefully dikkatli-dikkatlice/dikkatli bir şekilde

Dikkat!
  • Bazı sıfatlar zarf haline dönüştüğünde değişmez. Bunların en önemlileri şunlardır: fast (hızlı) - fast (hızlıca, hızlı bir şekilde), hard (zor) - hard (zor bir şekilde)
  • Good (iyi) muhtemelen en önemli istisnadır. 'good' sıfatının zarf formu 'well' (iyi bir şekilde)dir. Bu sıklıkla hatalı kullanan bir zarftır!
YANLIŞ!!: He plays football good. DOĞRU: He plays fottball well.

Kural: Zarflar aynı zamanda bir sıfatı da nitelerler. Bu durumda zarf söz konusu sıfattan önce kullanılır.

örnek: She is extremely happy. They are absolutely sure.

Dikkat!

  • Temel bir sıfatın derecesi artırılmış formuyla 'very' kullanmayın. örnek: good - fantastic


  • YANLIŞ!!: He is a very handsome man.
    Kural: Sıklık zarfları (adverbs of frequency) (herzaman (always), asla (never), bazen (sometimes), sık sık (often) vs.) genellikle ana eylemden önce gelir.

    örnek:

    He is often late for work. (Sık Sık İşe Geç Kalır)
    Do you always go to cafe?  (Daima Kafeyemi Gidersin)
    They don't usually work on weekend (Onlar Genellikle Hafta Sonu çalışmaz)

    What Time is it? - Saatler

    What Time is it? - Saatler
    SAAT SORMA,SÖYLEME (asking,telling time) (ingilizce saat okunuşları)
    - What time is it?
      saat kaç?

    - What is the time?
      zaman ne,saat kaç?

    * Bir saatin belli bölümlerini örnek verelim,aslında saat sorup söylemenin çok kolay olduğunu göreceksiniz!

    - 09.00
      (it is) nine o'clock

    - 09.05
      (it is) five past nine

    - 09.15
      (it is) a quarter past nine

    - 09.30
      (it is) half past nine

    - 09.40
      (it is) twenty to ten

    - 09.45
      (it is) a quarter to ten

    - 09.55
      (it is)five to ten

    * İngilizce'de dakika 30 u geçtikten sonra saatler artık var diye söylenir.
    * Parantez içinde verilen (it is) i isterseniz atabilirsiniz.

    ARTICLES (a-an-the)

    ARTICLES (a-an-the)
    ● A/AN
    A-an isimlerin önüne gelir ve onların bütün benzerleri içinden ? herhangi bir ? tanesi olduğunu belirtmeye yarar. Örneğin bir koyun sürüsünden hiç ayrım yapmadan bir tanesini seçelim. Bu seçtiğimiz koyun herhangi bir özelliği olmayan, bütün benzerleri içinden sadece herhangi biridir. Veya yanlış yazdığımız birşeyi silme için arkadaşımızdan silgi istediğimizde, herhangi bir silgi istiyoruzdur. İngilizce?de isimleri kullanma ihtiyacı hissettiğimizde mutlaka onları genelleştiren ( herhangi bir anlamı veren ) bazı eklere ihtiyaç duyulur ve bu ekler İngilizce gramerinde ? Article ? diye adlandırılır.

    İsimler sessiz bir harf ile başlıyorsa önüne (a), sesli bir harf ile başlıyorsa (an) getirilir.
    Examples;

    a pencil (bir kalem)

    a
    student (bir öğrenci)
    ► an apple (bir elma)
    an accountant (bir muhasebeci)


    ? a ve an ? sadece isimlerin önüne gelir, sıfat veya fiilerin önüne kesinlikle gelmez. Ayrıca a veya an gelen isimler mutlaka tekil olmalıdır, çoğul isimler article almaz.

    ►a village (Köy)

    ►an animal

    ►a study
    (yanlış, çünkü study bir fiildir)

    Sesli ve sessiz harf kavramı İngilizce'de kelimelerin yazılışı değil okunuşuyla ilgilidir. Örneğin "university" kelimesinin ilk harfi sesli olduğu halde okunuşu "yunivörsiti" şeklinde olduğu için başına a gelir. Veya "hour" kelimesinin ilk harfi sessiz olduğu halde "aır" şeklinde okunduğundan kelimenin başına an gelmesi gerekir.
    a university
    an hour
    İngilizce'de sayılamayan isimlerin önüne "a" veya "an" gelmez. İngilizce'deki sayılabilen ve sayılamıyan kelimelerin mantığı Türkçe'ye göre terstir. Örneğin Türkçe'de "bir bardak veya bir şişe su anlamında "bir su" diyebildiğimiz halde, İngilizce'de böyle bir kullanım yoktur.
    a water

    A Dark Brown Dog - İngilizce Hikaye

    Stepahn Crane
    A child was standing on a street-corner. He leaned with one shoulder against a high board-fence and swayed the other to and fro, the while kicking carelessly at the gravel.
    Sunshine beat upon the cobbles, and a lazy summer wind raised yellow dust which trailed in clouds down the avenue. Clattering trucks moved with indistinctness through it. The child stood dreamily gazing.
    After a time, a little dark-brown dog came trotting with an intent air down the sidewalk. A short rope was dragging from his neck. Occasionally he trod upon the end of it and stumbled.
    He stopped opposite the child, and the two regarded each other. The dog hesitated for a moment, but presently he made some little advances with his tail. The child put out his hand and called him. In an apologetic manner the dog came close, and the two had an interchange of friendly pattings and waggles. The dog became more enthusiastic with each moment of the interview, until with his gleeful caperings he threatened to overturn the child. Whereupon the child lifted his hand and struck the dog a blow upon the head.
    This thing seemed to overpower and astonish the little dark-brown dog, and wounded him to the heart. He sank down in despair at the child's feet. When the blow was repeated, together with an admonition in childish sentences, he turned over upon his back, and held his paws in a peculiar manner. At the same time with his ears and his eyes he offered a small prayer to the child.
    He looked so comical on his back, and holding his paws peculiarly, that the child was greatly amused and gave him little taps repeatedly, to keep him so. But the little dark-brown dog took this chastisement in the most serious way, and no doubt considered that he had committed some grave crime, for he wriggled contritely and showed his repentance in every way that was in his power. He pleaded with the child and petitioned him, and offered more prayers.
    At last the child grew weary of this amusement and turned toward home. The dog was praying at the time. He lay on his back and turned his eyes upon the retreating form.
    Presently he struggled to his feet and started after the child. The latter wandered in a perfunctory way toward his home, stopping at times to investigate various matters. During one of these pauses he discovered the little dark-brown dog who was following him with the air of a footpad.
    The child beat his pursuer with a small stick he had found. The dog lay down and prayed until the child had finished, and resumed his journey. Then he scrambled erect and took up the pursuit again.
    On the way to his home the child turned many times and beat the dog, proclaiming with childish gestures that he held him in contempt as an unimportant dog, with no value save for a moment. For being this quality of animal the dog apologized and eloquently expressed regret, but he continued stealthily to follow the child. His manner grew so very guilty that he slunk like an assassin.
    When the child reached his door-step, the dog was industriously ambling a few yards in the rear. He became so agitated with shame when he again confronted the child that he forgot the dragging rope. He tripped upon it and fell forward.
    The child sat down on the step and the two had another interview. During it the dog greatly exerted himself to please the child. He performed a few gambols with such abandon that the child suddenly saw him to be a valuable thing. He made a swift, avaricious charge and seized the rope.
    He dragged his captive into a hall and up many long stairways in a dark tenement. The dog made willing efforts, but he could not hobble very skilfully up the stairs because he was very small and soft, and at last the pace of the engrossed child grew so energetic that the dog became panic-stricken. In his mind he was being dragged toward a grim unknown. His eyes grew wild with the terror of it. He began to wiggle his head frantically and to brace his legs.
    The child redoubled his exertions. They had a battle on the stairs. The child was victorious because he was completely absorbed in his purpose, and because the dog was very small. He dragged his acquirement to the door of his home, and finally with triumph across the threshold.
    No one was in. The child sat down on the floor and made overtures to the dog. These the dog instantly accepted. He beamed with affection upon his new friend. In a short time they were firm and abiding comrades.
    When the child's family appeared, they made a great row. The dog was examined and commented upon and called names. Scorn was leveled at him from all eyes, so that he became much embarrassed and drooped like a scorched plant. But the child went sturdily to the center of the floor, and, at the top of his voice, championed the dog. It happened that he was roaring protestations, with his arms clasped about the dog's neck, when the father of the family came in from work.
    The parent demanded to know what the blazes they were making the kid howl for. It was explained in many words that the infernal kid wanted to introduce a disreputable dog into the family.
    A family council was held. On this depended the dog's fate, but he in no way heeded, being busily engaged in chewing the end of the child's dress.
    The affair was quickly ended. The father of the family, it appears, was in a particularly savage temper that evening, and when he perceived that it would amaze and anger everybody if such a dog were allowed to remain, he decided that it should be so. The child, crying softly, took his friend off to a retired part of the room to hobnob with him, while the father quelled a fierce rebellion of his wife. So it came to pass that the dog was a member of the household.
    He and the child were associated together at all times save when the child slept. The child became a guardian and a friend. If the large folk kicked the dog and threw things at him, the child made loud and violent objections. Once when the child had run, protesting loudly, with tears raining down his face and his arms outstretched, to protect his friend, he had been struck in the head with a very large saucepan from the hand of his father, enraged at some seeming lack of courtesy in the dog. Ever after, the family were careful how they threw things at the dog. Moreover, the latter grew very skilful in avoiding missiles and feet. In a small room containing a stove, a table, a bureau and some chairs, he would display strategic ability of a high order, dodging, feinting and scuttling about among the furniture. He could force three or four people armed with brooms, sticks and handfuls of coal, to use all their ingenuity to get in a blow. And even when they did, it was seldom that they could do him a serious injury or leave any imprint.
    But when the child was present, these scenes did not occur. It came to be recognized that if the dog was molested, the child would burst into sobs, and as the child, when started, was very riotous and practically unquenchable, the dog had therein a safeguard.
    However, the child could not always be near. At night, when he was asleep, his dark-brown friend would raise from some black corner a wild, wailful cry, a song of infinite lowliness and despair, that would go shuddering and sobbing among the buildings of the block and cause people to swear. At these times the singer would often be chased all over the kitchen and hit with a great variety of articles.
    Sometimes, too, the child himself used to beat the dog, although it is not known that he ever had what could be truly called a just cause. The dog always accepted these thrashings with an air of admitted guilt. He was too much of a dog to try to look to be a martyr or to plot revenge. He received the blows with deep humility, and furthermore he forgave his friend the moment the child had finished, and was ready to caress the child's hand with his little red tongue.
    When misfortune came upon the child, and his troubles overwhelmed him, he would often crawl under the table and lay his small distressed head on the dog's back. The dog was ever sympathetic. It is not to be supposed that at such times he took occasion to refer to the unjust beatings his friend, when provoked, had administered to him.
    He did not achieve any notable degree of intimacy with the other members of the family. He had no confidence in them, and the fear that he would express at their casual approach often exasperated them exceedingly. They used to gain a certain satisfaction in underfeeding him, but finally his friend the child grew to watch the matter with some care, and when he forgot it, the dog was often successful in secret for himself.
    So the dog prospered. He developed a large bark, which came wondrously from such a small rug of a dog. He ceased to howl persistently at night. Sometimes, indeed, in his sleep, he would utter little yells, as from pain, but that occurred, no doubt, when in his dreams he encountered huge flaming dogs who threatened him direfully.
    His devotion to the child grew until it was a sublime thing. He wagged at his approach; he sank down in despair at his departure. He could detect the sound of the child's step among all the noises of the neighborhood. It was like a calling voice to him.
    The scene of their companionship was a kingdom governed by this terrible potentate, the child; but neither criticism nor rebellion ever lived for an instant in the heart of the one subject. Down in the mystic, hidden fields of his little dog-soul bloomed flowers of love and fidelity and perfect faith.
    The child was in the habit of going on many expeditions to observe strange things in the vicinity. On these occasions his friend usually jogged aimfully along behind. Perhaps, though, he went ahead. This necessitated his turning around every quarter-minute to make sure the child was coming. He was filled with a large idea of the importance of these journeys. He would carry himself with such an air! He was proud to be the retainer of so great a monarch.
    One day, however, the father of the family got quite exceptionally drunk. He came home and held carnival with the cooking utensils, the furniture and his wife. He was in the midst of this recreation when the child, followed by the dark-brown dog, entered the room. They were returning from their voyages.
    The child's practised eye instantly noted his father's state. He dived under the table, where experience had taught him was a rather safe place. The dog, lacking skill in such matters, was, of course, unaware of the true condition of affairs. He looked with interested eyes at his friend's sudden dive. He interpreted it to mean: Joyous gambol. He started to patter across the floor to join him. He was the picture of a little dark-brown dog en route to a friend.
    The head of the family saw him at this moment. He gave a huge howl of joy, and knocked the dog down with a heavy coffee-pot. The dog, yelling in supreme astonishment and fear, writhed to his feet and ran for cover. The man kicked out with a ponderous foot. It caused the dog to swerve as if caught in a tide. A second blow of the coffee-pot laid him upon the floor.
    Here the child, uttering loud cries, came valiantly forth like a knight. The father of the family paid no attention to these calls of the child, but advanced with glee upon the dog. Upon being knocked down twice in swift succession, the latter apparently gave up all hope of escape. He rolled over on his back and held his paws in a peculiar manner. At the same time with his eyes and his ears he offered up a small prayer.
    But the father was in a mood for having fun, and it occurred to him that it would be a fine thing to throw the dog out of the window. So he reached down and grabbing the animal by a leg, lifted him, squirming, up. He swung him two or three times hilariously about his head, and then flung him with great accuracy through the window.
    The soaring dog created a surprise in the block. A woman watering plants in an opposite window gave an involuntary shout and dropped a flower-pot. A man in another window leaned perilously out to watch the flight of the dog. A woman, who had been hanging out clothes in a yard, began to caper wildly. Her mouth was filled with clothes-pins, but her arms gave vent to a sort of exclamation. In appearance she was like a gagged prisoner. Children ran whooping.
    The dark-brown body crashed in a heap on the roof of a shed five stories below. From thence it rolled to the pavement of an alleyway.
    The child in the room far above burst into a long, dirgelike cry, and toddled hastily out of the room. It took him a long time to reach the alley, because his size compelled him to go downstairs backward, one step at a time, and holding with both hands to the step above.
    When they came for him later, they found him seated by the body of his dark-brown friend.

    A Coward - İngilizce Hikaye

    Guy de Maupassant
    Society called him Handsome Signoles. His name was Viscount Gontran-Joseph de Signoles.
    An orphan, and possessed of an adequate income, he cut a dash, as the saying is. He had a good figure and a good carriage, a sufficient flow of words to pass for wit, a certain natural grace, an air of nobility and pride, a gallant moustache and an eloquent eye, attributes which women like.
    He was in demand in drawing-rooms, sought after for valses, and in men he inspired that smiling hostility which is reserved for vital and attractive rivals. He had been suspected of several love-affairs of a sort calculated to create a good opinion of a youngster. He lived a happy, care-free life, in the most complete well-being of body and mind. He was known to be a fine swordsman and a still finer shot with the pistol.
    "When I come to fight a duel," he would say, "I shall choose pistols. With that weapon, I'm sure of killing my man."
    One evening, he went to the theatre with two ladies, quite young, friends of his, whose husbands were also of the party, and after the performance he invited them to take ices at Tortoni's.
    They had been sitting there for a few minutes when he noticed a gentleman at a neighbouring table staring obstinately at one of the ladies of the party. She seemed embarrassed and ill at ease, and bent her head. At last she said to her husband:
    "There's a man staring at me. I don't know him; do you?"
    The husband, who had seen nothing, raised his eyes, but declared:
    "No, not in the least."
    Half smiling, half in anger, she replied:
    "It's very annoying; the creature's spoiling my ice."
    Her husband shrugged his shoulders.
    "Deuce take him, don't appear to notice it. If we had to deal with all the discourteous people one meets, we'd never have done with them."
    But the Viscount had risen abruptly. He could not permit this stranger to spoil an ice of his giving. It was to him that the insult was addressed, since it was at his invitation and on his account that his friends had come to the cafe. The affair was no business of anyone but himself.
    He went up to the man and said:
    "You have a way of looking at those ladies, sir, which I cannot stomach. Please be so good as to set a limit to your persistence."
    "You hold your tongue," replied the other.
    "Take care, sir," retorted the Viscount, clenching his teeth;" you'll force me to overstep the bounds of common politeness."
    The gentleman replied with a single word, a vile word which rang across the cafe from one end to the other, and, like the release of a spring, jerked every person present into an abrupt movement. All those with their backs towards him turned round, all the rest raised their heads; three waiters spun round on their heels like tops; the two ladies behind the counter started, then the whole upper half of their bodies twisted round, as though they were a couple of automata worked by the same handle.
    There was a profound silence. Then suddenly a sharp noise resounded in the air. The Viscount had boxed his adversary's ears. Every one rose to intervene. Cards were exchanged.
    Back in his home, the Viscount walked for several minutes up and down his room with long quick strides. He was too excited to think. A solitary idea dominated his mind: "a duel"; but as yet the idea stirred in him no emotion of any kind. He had done what he was compelled to do; he had shown himself to be what he ought to be. People would talk of it, would approve of him, congratulate him. He repeated aloud, speaking as a man speaks in severe mental distress:
    "What a hound the fellow is!"
    Then he sat down and began to reflect. In the morning he must find seconds. Whom should he choose? He searched his mind for the most important and celebrated names of his acquaintance. At last he decided on the Marquis de la Tour-Noire and Colonel Bourdin, an aristocrat and a soldier; they would do excellently. Their names would look well in the papers. He realised that he was thirsty, and drank three glasses of water one after the other; then he began to walk up and down again. He felt full of energy. If he played the gallant, showed himself determined, insisted on the most strict and dangerous arrangements, demanded a serious duel, a thoroughly serious duel, a positively terrible duel, his adversary would probably retire an apologist.
    He took up once more the card which he had taken from his pocket and thrown down upon the table, and read it again as he had read it before, in the cafe, at a glance, and in the cab, by the light of each gas-lamp, on his way home.
    "Georges Lamil, 51 rue Moncey." Nothing more.
    He examined the grouped letters; they seemed to him mysterious, full of confused meaning. Georges Lamil? Who was this man? What did he do? Why had he looked at the woman in that way? Was it not revolting that a stranger, an unknown man, could thus disturb a man's life, without warning, just because he chose to fix his insolent eyes upon a woman? Again the Viscount repeated aloud:
    "What a hound!"
    Then he remained standing stock-still, lost in thought, his eyes still fixed upon the card. A fury against this scrap of paper awoke in him, a fury of hatred in which was mingled a queer sensation of uneasiness. This sort of thing was so stupid! He took up an open knife which lay close at hand and thrust it through the middle of the printed name, as though he had stabbed a man.
    So he must fight. Should he choose swords or pistols?--for he regarded himself as the insulted party. With swords there would be less risk, but with pistols there was a chance that his adversary might withdraw. It is very rare that a duel with swords is fatal, for mutual prudence is apt to restrain combatants from engaging at sufficiently close quarters for a point to penetrate deeply. With pistols he ran a grave risk of death; but he might also extricate himself from the affair with all the honours of the situation and without actually coming to a meeting.
    "I must be firm," he said. "He will take fright."
    The sound of his voice set him trembling, and he looked round. He felt very nervous. He drank another glass of water, then began to undress for bed.
    As soon as he was in bed, he blew out the light and closed his eyes.
    "I've the whole of to-morrow," he thought, "in which to set my affairs in order. I'd better sleep now, so that I shall be quite calm."
    He was very warm in the blankets, but he could not manage to compose himself to sleep. He turned this way and that, lay for five minutes upon his back, turned on to his left side, then rolled over on to his right.
    He was still thirsty. He got up to get a drink. A feeling of uneasiness crept over him:
    "Is it possible that I'm afraid?"
    Why did his heart beat madly at each familiar sound in his room? When the clock was about to strike, the faint squeak of the rising spring made him start; so shaken he was that for several seconds afterwards he had to open his mouth to get his breath.
    He began to reason with himself on the possibility of his being afraid.
    "Shall I be afraid?"
    No, of course he would not be afraid, since he was resolved to see the matter through, and had duly made up his mind to fight and not to tremble. But he felt so profoundly distressed that he wondered:
    "Can a man be afraid in spite of himself?"
    He was attacked by this doubt, this uneasiness, this terror; suppose a force more powerful than himself, masterful, irresistible, overcame him, what would happen? Yes, what might not happen? Assuredly he would go to the place of the meeting, since he was quite ready to go. But supposing he trembled? Supposing he fainted? He thought of the scene, of his reputation, his good name.
    There came upon him a strange need to get up and look at himself in the mirror. He relit his candle. When he saw his face reflected in the polished glass, he scarcely recognised it, it seemed to him as though he had never yet seen himself. His eyes looked to him enormous; and he was pale; yes, without doubt he was pale, very pale.
    He remained standing in front of the mirror. He put out his tongue, as though to ascertain the state of his health, and abruptly the thought struck him like a bullet:
    "The day after to-morrow, at this very hour, I may be dead."
    His heart began again its furious beating.
    "The day after to-morrow, at this very hour, I may be dead. This person facing me, this me I see in the mirror, will be no more. Why, here I am, I look at myself, I feel myself alive, and in twenty-four hours I shall be lying in that bed, dead, my eyes closed, cold, inanimate, vanished."
    He turned back towards the bed, and distinctly saw himself lying on his back in the very sheets he had just left. He had the hollow face of a corpse, his hands had the slackness of hands that will never make another movement.
    At that he was afraid of his bed, and, to get rid of the sight of it, went into the smoking-room. Mechanically he picked up a cigar, lit it, and began to walk up and down again. He was cold; he went to the bell to wake his valet; but he stopped, even as he raised his hand to the rope.
    "He will see that I am afraid."
    He did not ring; he lit the fire. His hands shook a little, with a nervous tremor, whenever they touched anything. His brain whirled, his troubled thoughts became elusive, transitory, and gloomy; his mind suffered all the effects of intoxication, as though he were actually drunk.
    Over and over again he thought:
    "What shall I do? What is to become of me?"
    His whole body trembled, seized with a jerky shuddering; he got up and, going to the window, drew back the curtains.
    Dawn was at hand, a summer dawn. The rosy sky touched the town, its roofs and walls, with its own hue. A broad descending ray, like the caress of the rising sun, enveloped the awakened world; and with the light, hope--a gay, swift, fierce hope--filled the Viscount's heart! Was he mad, that he had allowed himself to be struck down by fear, before anything was settled even, before his seconds had seen those of this Georges Lamil, before he knew whether he was going to fight?
    He washed, dressed, and walked out with a firm step.
    He repeated to himself, as he walked:
    "I must be energetic, very energetic. I must prove that I am not afraid."
    His seconds, the Marquis and the Colonel, placed themselves at his disposal, and after hearty handshakes discussed the conditions.
    "You are anxious for a serious duel? " asked the Colonel.
    "Yes, a very serious one," replied the Viscount.
    "You still insist on pistols?" said the Marquis.
    "Yes."
    "You will leave us free to arrange the rest?"
    In a dry, jerky voice the Viscount stated:
    "Twenty paces; at the signal, raising the arm, and not lowering it. Exchange of shots till one is seriously wounded."
    "They are excellent conditions," declared the Colonel in a tone of satisfaction. "You shoot well, you have every chance."
    They departed. The Viscount went home to wait for them. His agitation, momentarily quietened, was now growing minute by minute. He felt a strange shivering, a ceaseless vibration, down his arms, down his legs, in his chest; he could not keep still in one place, neither seated nor standing. There was not the least moistening of saliva in his mouth, and at every instant he made a violent movement of his tongue, as though to prevent it sticking to his palate.
    He was eager to have breakfast, but could not eat. Then the idea came to him to drink in order to give himself courage, and he sent for a decanter of rum, of which he swallowed six liqueur glasses full one after the other.
    A burning warmth flooded through his body, followed immediately by a sudden dizziness of the mind and spirit.
    "Now I know what to do," he thought. "Now it is all right."
    But by the end of an hour he had emptied the decanter, and his state of agitation had once more become intolerable. He was conscious of a wild need to roll on the ground, to scream, to bite. Night was falling.
    The ringing of a bell gave him such a shock that he had not strength to rise and welcome his seconds.
    He did not even dare to speak to them, to say "Good evening" to them, to utter a single word, for fear they guessed the whole thing by the alteration in his voice.
    "Everything is arranged in accordance with the conditions you fixed," observed the Colonel. "At first your adversary claimed the privileges of the insulted party, but he yielded almost at once, and has accepted everything. His seconds are two military men."
    "Thank you," said the Viscount.
    "Pardon us," interposed the Marquis, "if we merely come in and leave again immediately, but we have a thousand things to see to. We must have a good doctor, since the combat is not to end until a serious wound is inflicted, and you know that pistol bullets are no laughing-matter. We must appoint the ground, near a house to which we may carry the wounded man if necessary, etc. In fact, we shall be occupied for two or three hours arranging all that there is to arrange."
    "Thank you," said the Viscount a second time.
    "You are all right?" asked the Colonel. "You are calm?"
    "Yes, quite calm, thank you."
    The two men retired.
    When he realised that he was once more alone, he thought that he was going mad. His servant had lit the lamps, and he sat down at the table to write letters. After tracing, at the head of a sheet: "This is my will," he rose shivering and walked away, feeling incapable of connecting two ideas, of taking a resolution, of making any decision whatever.
    So he was going to fight! He could no longer avoid it. Then what was the matter with him? He wished to fight, he had absolutely decided upon this plan of action and taken his resolve, and he now felt clearly, in spite of every effort of mind and forcing of will, that he could not retain even the strength necessary to get him to the place of meeting. He tried to picture the duel, his own attitude and the bearing of his adversary.
    From time to time his teeth chattered in his mouth with a slight clicking noise. He tried to read, and took down Chateauvillard's code of duelling. Then he wondered:
    "Does my adversary go to shooting-galleries? Is he well known? Is he classified anywhere? How can I find out?"
    He bethought himself of Baron Vaux's book on marksmen with the pistol, and ran through it from end to end. Georges Lamil was not mentioned in it. Yet if the man were not a good shot, he would surely not have promptly agreed to that dangerous weapon and those fatal conditions?
    He opened, in passing, a case by Gastinne Renette standing on a small table, and took out one of the pistols, then placed himself as though to shoot and raised his arm. But he was trembling from head to foot and the barrel moved in every direction.
    At that, he said to himself:
    "It's impossible. I cannot fight in this state."
    He looked at the end of the barrel, at the little, black, deep hole that spits death; he thought of the disgrace, of the whispers at the club, of the laughter in drawing-rooms, of the contempt of women, of the allusions in the papers, of the insults which cowards would fling at him.
    He was still looking at the weapon, and, raising the hammer, caught a glimpse of a cap gleaming beneath it like a tiny red flame. By good fortune or forgetfulness, the pistol had been left loaded. At the knowledge, he was filled with a confused inexplicable sense of joy.
    If, when face to face with the other man, he did not show a proper gallantry and calm, he would be lost for ever. He would be sullied, branded with a mark of infamy, hounded out of society. And he would not be able to achieve that calm, that swaggering poise; he knew it, he felt it. Yet he was brave, since he wanted to fight I ... He was brave, since....
    The thought which hovered in him did not even fulfil itself in his mind; but, opening his mouth wide, he thrust in the barrel of his pistol with savage gesture until it reached his throat, and pressed on the trigger.
    When his valet ran in, at the sound of the report, he found him lying dead upon his back. A shower of blood had splashed the white paper on the table, and made a great red mark beneath these four words:
    "This is my will."

    1984 - İngilizce Hikaye

    George Orwell
    Part I sets up the misery of Winston's world before he outwardly expresses any sort of rebellion.
    Winston Smith is living in London, chief city of Airstrip One (formerly known as England), in the superstate of Oceania. It is?he thinks?1984.
    Oceania is a totalitarian state dominated by the principles of Ingsoc (English Socialism) and ruled by an ominous organization known simply as the Party. Oceania and the two other world superstates, Eurasia and Eastasia, are involved in a continuous war over the remaining world, and constantly shift alliances. As the novel progresses, it becomes clear that the war is largely an illusion, and that the three superstates maintain this illusion for their mutual benefit. It serves their shared purpose of holding onto absolute power over their respective peoples. Much of the warfare, in fact, is inflicted by these governments upon their own citizens.
    Oceanic society is hierarchical and oligarchic. At the bottom?where the vast majority of the population lies?are the "proles" or proletariat, the working classes who are uneducated and largely left alone by the government except when it is necessary to tap into mass patriotism or political participation. Above the proles is the Outer Party, less privileged members of the Party who spend their time keeping the wheels of the Party machine well-oiled and running smoothly. These people are systematically brainwashed from a young age and are kept under constant surveillance by ubiquitous "telescreens" (which can receive and transmit visual and aural impulses simultaneously) and the ominous Thought Police. Above the Outer Party are the Inner Party members, who enjoy the fruits of power and production, and whose sole aim is to perpetuate power for the Party, forever. At the very top of the pyramid is Big Brother, the embodiment of the Party, a "face" and glorified persona which it is easier to love than an abstract collective organization.
    On this April day, Winston has left the Ministry of Truth, where he works in the Records Department, to take his lunch break at home, because he wishes to write in his diary?a compromising activity and a compromising possession to begin with. Yet, despite his fears, he is overwhelmed with the need to impose some sanity upon his world. Winston is a rebel at heart, a heretic who does not subscribe to Party doctrines or beliefs.
    After reflecting on the day's events, notably the event which inspired him to begin the diary on this day, Winston is startled by a knock on the door. Could it be the Thought Police already?
    Fortunately, it is only his neighbor Mrs. Parsons, asking him to help her unclog her kitchen sink drain. He does, and after being briefly tormented by her children?dangerous little demons already brainwashed by the Party and certain to turn on their parents one day?he returns to his flat.
    Winston's diary and his dreams and memories of the past are all testament to his need to anchor himself in the past, believing it to be more sane than the world he lives in now. The description of his dreams and memories gradually unfolds the developments which have led to the current world order.
    Winston's job at the fraudulently-named Ministry of Truth involves the daily rewriting of history: he corrects "errors" and "misprints" in past articles in order to make the Party appear infallible and constant?always correct in its predictions, always at war with one enemy. Currently the enemy is Eurasia, and it follows (according to the Party) that it has always been Eurasia, though Winston knows this to be untrue.
    Despite his horror at the Party's destruction of the past, Winston enjoys his part in it, taking pleasure in using his imagination in rewriting Big Brother's speeches and such.
    It becomes apparent, through a painstaking unfolding of detail, that the standards of living in Oceania are barely tolerable. For the majority of the population, goods are scarce, and everything is ugly and tastes horrible. Depressed, Winston wonders if the past were better. Once upon a time, did people enjoy marriage, was sex pleasurable, were there enough goods to go around? He recalls his own dismal marriage to Katharine, a frigid woman so inculcated with Party doctrine that she hates sex but insists upon it once a week as "our duty to the Party."
    Winston feels that the only hope lies in the proles, if they wake up one day and realize that they are not living the kind of life they could be. But will they wake up?
    Tormented by memories and searching for answers, Winston walks aimlessly through a prole area. He tries to talk to an old man about the past, but can't seem to get anywhere. Eventually, he finds himself in front of the antique shop where he had bought the diary. He enters, starts to chat with Mr. Charrington (the proprietor), and wanders through the quaint antiques. He buys a beautiful glass paperweight. Mr. Charrington talks to him some more and shows him an upstairs room furnished with old furniture. There is no telescreen in this room, amazing Winston, and inspiring him to consider renting this room as a hiding place?though he immediately dismisses the idea as lunacy. Still, enchanted, he resolves to come back sometime.
    Upon leaving the shop, he is startled to see a girl with dark hair who works in his Ministry. There is no reason for her to be in this area, and he deduces she must have been following him. Terrified, he hurries home and tries to write in his diary, but cannot.
    The second part of the book traces hopeful events.
    It opens with a startling encounter with the girl with dark hair. They pass one another in a corridor. She trips and falls on her injured arm; Winston helps her up. As he does, she slips him a note. He is surprised but tries not to show it. When he finally reads it, he is astonished to see that it says, "I love you."
    Knocked for a loop, but forgetting all his previous fear and hatred of her, Winston tries to figure out how they can meet. After a few days, they finally manage to exchange some words in the canteen, and meet later that evening in Victory Square (once, apparently, Trafalgar Square). There, the girl discreetly gives him directions to a meeting place where they will rendezvous on Sunday afternoon.
    Sunday afternoon rolls around, and Winston and the girl, Julia, meet out in the countryside. He is surprised and delighted to find that she detests the Party and goes out of her way to be as "corrupt" as possible. They spend a pleasant time together, and make love.
    Winston and Julia start to meet clandestinely in the streets to "talk by instalments," as Julia calls it; private meetings are rare and difficult to coordinate. But they do manage once more that month. They talk as much as they can and get to know one another's personalities and histories.
    Finally, the pressures and troubles of arranging meetings induce them to take the risky step of renting Mr. Charrington's upstairs room. In this room, they start to act like a married couple?Julia puts on makeup and plans to get a dress, so she can feel like a woman, while Winston enjoys the sensation of privacy and the novelty of being able to lie in bed with your loved one and talk as much (or as little) as you want about whatever you wish. As time passes, they grow closer and talk about escaping together, though they know it is impossible.
    At about this time, O'Brien?an Inner Party member for whom Winston feels an inexplicable reverence, and some sort of bond?suddenly makes an overture, presenting Winston with his address. This seems to be a sign. Winston and Julia go to O'Brien's flat together. There they are inducted into the Brotherhood, a legendary underground anti-Party organization founded by Emmanuel Goldstein, a former Party member. O'Brien gives them instructions and details on what to expect and what not to expect.
    Here Hate Week intervenes. Months and weeks of preparation are nothing to the flurry the Ministry of Truth is cast into when suddenly, at the climax of Hate Week, it is made known that Oceania is at war with Eastasia rather than Eurasia. Winston and Julia and all their co-workers are thrown into a 90-hour-stretch of correcting old newspapers, since it must be made to appear that Oceania has always been at war with Eastasia.
    Winston has received the book, the bible of the Brotherhood written by Emmanuel Goldstein, but has not had time to read it until his work at the Ministry finally finishes. All workers are given the rest of the day off, and he and Julia head separately for their upstairs room.
    There Winston reads a good deal about what he already knows. Julia comes in, and after they make love he settles down to read the book to her. She falls asleep, and shortly after he realizes this, he closes the book and goes to sleep too.
    When they awaken, the old-fashioned clock says 8:30, but various hints indicate that it is 8:30 a.m., not p.m. as Winston and Julia suppose. They stand together, looking out at the world, feeling how beautiful it is, feeling hopeful that the future will be all right even though they will not live to see it.
    Suddenly they hear a voice and jump apart. There has been a telescreen in the room, behind a picture hanging over the bed. Winston and Julia have been caught. Helpless, they are taken away by the Thought Police, their momentary glimpse of happiness shattered.
    Part III recounts the downfall of Winston and Julia.
    After being held in a common prison for a while, Winston is transferred to the Ministry of Love. He sits in his cell, starving, thirsty, tortured by fear, waiting for he does not know what. As he waits, people come in and out, including Ampleforth, the poet from his department, and Parsons, who has been denounced by his seven-year-old daughter. Other people he does not know come in, and through them he hears about "Room 101," which seems to terrify everyone. He thinks longingly of being smuggled a razor blade by the Brotherhood, though he knows he probably wouldn't use it.
    At last the door opens and, to his utter shock, Winston sees O'Brien come in. His assumption is that O'Brien has been captured; but it turns out that O'Brien was never a member of the Brotherhood, and that the whole thing had been a trap.
    Winston is tortured and interrogated for a seemingly endless time. Somehow he feels that O'Brien is behind it all, directing the entire process with a twisted kind of love. Finally he finds himself alone with O'Brien, who tells him he is insane and that they are to work together to cure him. Winston's discussions with O'Brien dwell on the nature of the past and reality, and reveal much about the Party's approach to those concepts. They also uncover a good deal in O'Brien's personality, which is a puzzling and intricate one. Perhaps most importantly, the discussions finally answer Winston's former question, "WHY?" The Party, O'Brien explains with a lunatic intensity, seeks absolute power, for power's own sake. This is why it does what it does; and its quest will shape the world into an even more nightmarish one than it already is.
    Winston cannot argue; every time he does, he is faced with obstinate logical fallacy, a completely different system of reasoning which runs counter to all reason. His final attempt to argue with O'Brien ends in O'Brien showing Winston himself in the mirror. Winston is beyond horrified to see that he has turned into a sickly, disgusting sack of bones, beaten into a new face.
    After this, Winston submits to his re-education. He is no longer beaten; he is fed at regular intervals; he is allowed to sleep (though the lights, of course, never go out). He seems to be making "progress," but underneath he is still holding onto the last remaining kernel of himself and his humanity: his love for Julia.
    This comes out when, in the midst of a dream, Winston cries aloud, "Julia! Julia! Julia, my love! Julia!"
    This thoughtcrime is his undoing. He is taken to Room 101, where he is threatened with the possibility of being eaten alive by rats. Insane with panic and terror, he screams that they should do it to Julia, not him. Physically he is saved by this betrayal; but it has wiped away the last trace of his humanity and his ability to hold himself up with any sort of pride.
    The end of the book finds Winston a shell of a man, completely succumbed to the Party. He and Julia no longer love each other; after Room 101, this is impossible for both of them. He is essentially waiting for his death. As he sits in the Chestnut Tree Cafe, musing distractedly (but never rebelliously) on the wreck of his life, word comes over the telescreen that Oceania has won a major victory against Eurasia (with which it is back at war) and that she now has complete control over Africa. Winston is just as triumphantly excited as everyone else, and he gazes up at the portrait of Big Brother with new understanding. At last, he loves Big Brother.